present perfect

1. Use of the Present Perfect

1.1. Result of an action in the past is important in the present

I have cleaned my room.

1.2. Recently completed action

He has just played handball.

1.3. State beginning in the past and still continuing

We have lived in Canada since 1986.

1.4. together with lately, recently, yet

I have been to London recently.

2. Signal words

• just
• yet
• never
• already
• ever
• so far
• up to now
• recently
• since
• for

3. Form

have/has + past participle *

4. Examples

4.1. Affirmative sentences in the Present Perfect – regular verbs

Long forms	Contracted forms
I have cleaned my room.	I've cleaned my room.
You have cleaned your room.	You've cleaned your room.
He has cleaned his room.	He's cleaned his room.

4.2. Affirmative sentences in the Present Perfect – irregular verbs

Long forms	Contracted forms
I have gone home.	I've gone home.
You have gone home.	You've gone home.
He has gone home.	He's gone home.

4.3. Negative sentences in the Present Perfect – regular verbs

Long forms	Contracted forms
I have not cleaned my room.	I've not cleaned my room.
	I haven't cleaned my room.
You have not cleaned your room.	You've not cleaned your room.
	You haven't cleaned your room.
He has not cleaned his room.	He's not cleaned his room.
	He hasn't cleaned my room.

4.4. Negative sentences in the Present Perfect – irregular verbs

Long forms	Contracted forms
I have not gone home.	I've not gone home.
	I haven't gone home.
You have not gone home.	You've not gone home.
	You haven't gone home.
He has not gone home.	He's not gone home.
	He hasn't gone home.

* past participle:

• regular verbs → infinitive + -ed
• irregular verbs → 3rd column of the table of the irregular verbs