المضارع التام

التكوين

تتم صياغة زمن المضارع التام عن طريق استخدام تصريف فعل الملكية (to have) في زمن المضارع البسيط مع الضمائر ثم إضافة التصريف الثالث للفعل الرئيسي

have, has + past participle

وتصريف فعل الملكية (to have) مع الضمائر الشخصية هو كالتالي:

I have

He has

She has

It has

We have

They have

You have

استخداماته

 يعبر عن حدث وقع في الماضي (مع عدم ذكر الوقت) ولازالت تأثيراته واضحة حتى الآن مثل

I have visited Britain, so I have a good idea about it.

He has already done his homework, so he is free now.

I have eaten three ice creams, so I have a throe throat.

He has already typed three letters.

We have never drunk alcohol.

I have lost my money. “it means that I have no money now”

 يستخدم لحدث بدأ في الماضي وينتهي الآن أو انتهى تواً مثل

I have not seen you for ages, but I see you now.

I have just finished my work.

The students have worked very well this term.

He has been absent from the school for many days, but he is here now.

I have never ridden a bike, but I do now.

He has just finished his work.

 يعبر عن حدث بدأ في الماضي ومازال مستمراً حتى الآن مثل

He has been in England for two years. “it means that he is still there”

I have smoked since I graduated. “it means that I still smoke”

 حدث تم منذ وقت قريب جداً (يستخدم مع since, for) مثل

She has been in Cairo her brother left England.

يستخدم زمن المضارع التام غالباً مع الكلمات التالية:

Since, for, just, yet, already, lately, recently, so far, up to now, never, ever, this week, this month, this season, this year, this century…

Have you ever seen the pyramids?

I have recently bought a car.

She has lately read a new novel.

استخدامات (Since)

Since last week, I have not gone out.

في الجملة السابقة هناك فعل واحد مع “Since” لذلك يأتي هذا الفعل في زمن المضارع التام.

I have not spoken to him since he insulted me.

في الجملة السابقة هناك فعلين مع “Since” لذلك يأتي الفعل الذي يليها مباشرة في زمن الماضي البسيط ويأتي الفعل الآخر في زمن المضارع التام.

الفارق بين “Since” و “For”

She has been out since 11 o’clock.

She has been out for two hours.

تعبر “since” عن نقطة في الزمن (a point in time) وتعني (منذ تلك النقطة الزمنية حتى وقت الكلام)، أي أنها تحدد نقطة بداية الفعل مثل:

since yesterday, since last week, since June, since 1990, since he came, then, since 7 o’clock…

أما “for” فتعبر عن فترة زمنية (a period of time) مثلما نقول:

for an hour, for a week, for a long time, for a short time, for a while, for ages, for years, for months, for centuries…

ملحوظة

يستخدم زمن المضارع التام مع الروابط التالية ليدل على المستقبل:

after, before, when, as soon as, till, until

As soon as I have finished my work, I will go back home.

After I have learnt driving, I will buy a car